Question 1

What is the primary reducing agent found in most alkaline permanent wave solutions?

Accepted Answer

Ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) is the primary reducing agent in alkaline perms. It breaks the disulfide bonds in the hair's cortex to allow reshaping.

Question 2

What is the pH range of an alkaline (cold wave) permanent wave solution?

Accepted Answer

Alkaline perm solutions have a pH range of approximately 9.0 to 9.6. This elevated pH causes the hair to swell and allows the waving lotion to penetrate more readily.

Question 3

What chemical process does the neutralizer perform during a permanent wave service?

Accepted Answer

The neutralizer re-forms (re-bonds) the disulfide bonds in the new curled position by oxidizing the hair. This permanently locks the wave or curl pattern into place.

Question 4

What type of permanent wave is recommended for color-treated or damaged hair due to its lower pH?

Accepted Answer

An acid-balanced (true acid) perm, with a pH of 4.5–7.0, is recommended for color-treated or damaged hair. It is gentler because it requires heat to activate and causes less swelling of the hair shaft.

Question 5

What wrapping technique involves winding the hair from the scalp to the ends?

Accepted Answer

The croquignole wrapping technique winds hair from the scalp to the ends around the rod. It produces a tighter curl at the ends and a looser curl near the scalp.

Chemical Services – California Cosmetology State Board Exam

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