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Question 1
What is the primary reducing agent found in most alkaline permanent wave solutions?
Answer: Ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) is the primary reducing agent in alkaline perms. It breaks the disulfide bonds in the hair's cortex to allow reshaping.
Question 2
What is the pH range of an alkaline (cold wave) permanent wave solution?
Answer: Alkaline perm solutions have a pH range of approximately 9.0 to 9.6. This elevated pH causes the hair to swell and allows the waving lotion to penetrate more readily.
Question 3
What chemical process does the neutralizer perform during a permanent wave service?
Answer: The neutralizer re-forms (re-bonds) the disulfide bonds in the new curled position by oxidizing the hair. This permanently locks the wave or curl pattern into place.
Question 4
What type of permanent wave is recommended for color-treated or damaged hair due to its lower pH?
Answer: An acid-balanced (true acid) perm, with a pH of 4.5–7.0, is recommended for color-treated or damaged hair. It is gentler because it requires heat to activate and causes less swelling of the hair shaft.
Question 5
What wrapping technique involves winding the hair from the scalp to the ends?
Answer: The croquignole wrapping technique winds hair from the scalp to the ends around the rod. It produces a tighter curl at the ends and a looser curl near the scalp.