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Question 1
Which command-line tool tests basic connectivity between two hosts by sending ICMP Echo Request packets and measuring round-trip time?
Answer: ping. It sends ICMP Echo Request packets to a target host and displays whether responses are received, along with latency and packet loss statistics.
Question 2
What command-line tool displays the path packets take from a source host to a destination, showing each router hop along the way?
Answer: tracert (Windows) or traceroute (Linux/macOS). It uses ICMP packets with incrementing TTL values to identify each hop in the path and measure latency at each hop.
Question 3
What Windows command combines the functionality of ping and tracert by providing hop-by-hop latency statistics and packet loss percentages over a sustained period?
Answer: pathping. It first maps the route like tracert, then sends packets to each hop over a period of time (default 250 seconds) to compute packet loss and latency statistics.
Question 4
Which command-line tool is used to display and manage the ARP cache, showing the mapping between IP addresses and MAC addresses on a local host?
Answer: arp. Using 'arp -a' displays the current ARP cache, while 'arp -d' deletes entries. It helps troubleshoot Layer 2 address resolution issues.
Question 5
What is the primary purpose of the 'netstat' command in network troubleshooting?
Answer: netstat displays active network connections, listening ports, protocol statistics, and routing table information. It helps identify open ports, established sessions, and potential unauthorized connections.