Question 1

Which command-line tool tests basic connectivity between two hosts by sending ICMP Echo Request packets and measuring round-trip time?

Accepted Answer

ping. It sends ICMP Echo Request packets to a target host and displays whether responses are received, along with latency and packet loss statistics.

Question 2

What command-line tool displays the path packets take from a source host to a destination, showing each router hop along the way?

Accepted Answer

tracert (Windows) or traceroute (Linux/macOS). It uses ICMP packets with incrementing TTL values to identify each hop in the path and measure latency at each hop.

Question 3

What Windows command combines the functionality of ping and tracert by providing hop-by-hop latency statistics and packet loss percentages over a sustained period?

Accepted Answer

pathping. It first maps the route like tracert, then sends packets to each hop over a period of time (default 250 seconds) to compute packet loss and latency statistics.

Question 4

Which command-line tool is used to display and manage the ARP cache, showing the mapping between IP addresses and MAC addresses on a local host?

Accepted Answer

arp. Using 'arp -a' displays the current ARP cache, while 'arp -d' deletes entries. It helps troubleshoot Layer 2 address resolution issues.

Question 5

What is the primary purpose of the 'netstat' command in network troubleshooting?

Accepted Answer

netstat displays active network connections, listening ports, protocol statistics, and routing table information. It helps identify open ports, established sessions, and potential unauthorized connections.

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