Question 1

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

The SER synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions. It lacks ribosomes, distinguishing it from the rough ER.

Question 2

How does the structure of the mitochondrion relate to its function in ATP production?

Accepted Answer

The highly folded inner membrane (cristae) greatly increases surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, maximizing ATP output via oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 3

What structural feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; their genetic material exists as a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid region.

Question 4

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the rough ER, modifies them (e.g., glycosylation), sorts them, and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

Question 5

Why do plant cells but not animal cells have a central vacuole, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a central vacuole to store water, maintain turgor pressure for structural support, and store pigments and waste products. Animal cells rely on other mechanisms for support.

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